Peptide Research Library

SS-31 binds to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing it.
This leads to:

• Increased ATP production
• More efficient energy metabolism
• Improved cellular repair and resilience

SS-31 reduces damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside mitochondria, which lowers:

• Oxidative stress
• Cellular inflammation
• Mitochondrial DNA damage

This helps slow cellular aging.

Because it improves ATP output, SS-31 has been shown to:

• Improve exercise capacity
• Reduce muscle fatigue
• Increase muscle strength in older adults
• Help recover faster after exertion

SS-31 is extensively studied for cardioprotection. It can:

• Improve cardiac output
• Reduce heart muscle stiffness
• Enhance microvascular blood flow
• Improve diastolic function

It’s often used off-label to support heart health, especially in mitochondrial dysfunction or heart failure.

Studies show it can improve:

• Retinal energy metabolism
• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) markers
• Visual function

Its mitochondrial repair effects are especially powerful in the retina.

SS-31 helps cells clean up and repair damaged mitochondria—leading to:

• Faster wound healing
• Better recovery from injury
• Reduced inflammation in tissues with high energy demand (muscle, heart, nerves)

Because aging = mitochondrial decline, SS-31 may:

• Improve cellular longevity
• Increase vitality
• Improve skin quality indirectly (through better cell energy)
• Slow systemic aging processes

Through improved mitochondrial efficiency in neurons, SS-31 may:

• Enhance mental clarity
• Reduce brain fog
• Protect neurons from oxidative stress
• Support memory and cognitive endurance

By stabilizing mitochondria and preventing leakage of inflammatory molecules, SS-31 can reduce:

• Systemic inflammation
• Cellular apoptosis
• Mitochondrial-driven inflammatory cytokines

SS-31 → binds to cardiolipin → protects mitochondria → increases ATP → decreases inflammation → enhances repair & energy everywhere.

NAD helps your mitochondria create energy, activates cellular repair pathways, supports brain function, and fuels the body's natural anti-aging mechanisms.

NAD+ is a coenzyme found in every living cell and is essential for cellular energy production, DNA repair, and healthy aging. NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, stress, illness, inflammation, poor sleep, and metabolic dysfunction.

✓ Increases cellular energy production (ATP)
✓ Improves stamina and endurance
✓ Supports healthy metabolism
✓ May enhance fat utilization

✓ Improved focus and concentration
✓ Enhanced mental clarity
✓ Better memory and learning capacity
✓ Neuroprotective effects

✓ Activates longevity pathways (sirtuins)
✓ Supports DNA repair mechanisms
✓ Helps maintain mitochondrial health
✓ Promotes cellular resilience

✓ Supports exercise recovery
✓ Reduces cellular stress from intense activity
✓ May improve physical performance
✓ Helps combat fatigue

✓ Supports healthy inflammatory balance
✓ Promotes metabolic flexibility
✓ Assists healthy cellular communication
✓ Supports whole-body vitality

How Does it Work?

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier in the mitochondria, helping convert nutrients into usable cellular energy (ATP).

• Accepts electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
• Transfers those electrons to the electron transport chain
• Drives ATP production inside mitochondria

Result: More efficient energy production, improved stamina, reduced fatigue, and better cellular function.

NAD+ is required for healthy mitochondrial function and biogenesis (the creation of new mitochondria).

• Enhances mitochondrial efficiency
• Improves oxygen utilization
• Supports metabolic flexibility and fat oxidation

Result: Better endurance, improved exercise recovery, enhanced metabolic health.

NAD+ is the primary fuel source for sirtuin enzymes (SIRT1-SIRT7).

Sirtuins regulate:

• Cellular repair
• Inflammation control
• Mitochondrial health
• Metabolism
• Healthy aging pathways

Result: Improved resilience against age-related cellular decline.

NAD+ fuels PARP enzymes (Poly ADP Ribose Polymerases), which identify and repair damaged DNA.

• Repairs oxidative DNA damage
• Supports genomic stability
• Helps protect cells from premature aging

Result: Enhanced cellular repair and protection from accumulated cellular stress.

NAD+ supports neuronal energy production and communication.

• Improves mitochondrial function in brain cells
• Supports neurotransmitter production
• Protects neurons from oxidative stress

Result: Enhanced focus, mental clarity, memory, and cognitive performance.

NAD+ indirectly supports antioxidant defenses by maintaining cellular redox balance.

• Helps regenerate cellular antioxidants
• Reduces free radical damage
• Protects tissues from inflammation

Result: Healthier aging, reduced inflammation, improved tissue function.

Glutathione is often called the body's "master antioxidant." It is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids:

• Glutamine
• Cysteine
• Glycine

Glutathione is produced naturally in the liver and exists in nearly every cell of the body. Its primary role is protecting cells from oxidative damage, toxins, inflammation, and environmental stressors.

✓ Neutralizes free radicals
✓ Protects DNA and cellular structures
✓ Reduces oxidative stress

✓ Supports liver detox pathways
✓ Assists removal of heavy metals and toxins
✓ Helps reduce toxic burden

✓ Supports T-cell and NK-cell activity
✓ Promotes healthy immune regulation
✓ Supports recovery from illness

✓ Protects mitochondria
✓ Supports ATP production
✓ Enhances recovery from exercise and stress

✓ Brightens complexion
✓ Supports collagen preservation
✓ Promotes healthy aging of the skin
✓ May improve skin clarity and radiance

✓ Protects against age-related oxidative damage
✓ Supports cellular longevity
✓ Helps maintain healthy organ function

How does it work?

Glutathione directly donates electrons to unstable molecules called free radicals, converting them into harmless compounds before they damage cells.

• Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• Reduces oxidative stress
• Protects cell membranes, proteins, and DNA

• Slower cellular aging
• Reduced inflammation
• Protection against oxidative damage

Glutathione helps recycle and reactivate other antioxidants after they have been used.

It regenerates:

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• Alpha-lipoic acid
• Coenzyme Q10

• Amplified antioxidant protection
• Greater cellular defense against stress

One of glutathione's most important roles is supporting Phase II liver detoxification.

Glutathione binds to:

• Heavy metals
• Environmental toxins
• Chemical pollutants
• Metabolic waste products

These compounds are then excreted through:

• Urine
• Stool
• Bile

• Enhanced detoxification
• Improved liver function
• Reduced toxic burden

Mitochondria generate energy but also produce free radicals as a byproduct.

Glutathione protects mitochondria by:

• Reducing oxidative damage
• Preserving mitochondrial membranes
• Supporting ATP production

• Better energy production
• Improved endurance
• Enhanced recovery

Glutathione is highly concentrated in immune cells and helps regulate both innate and adaptive immunity.

It supports:

• T-cell activation
• Natural Killer (NK) cell function
• Healthy inflammatory responses
• Cytokine balance

• Stronger immune defenses
• Better resilience during illness
• Improved recovery from infections

Glutathione helps regulate inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB, a major driver of chronic inflammation.

• Reduced systemic inflammation
• Improved tissue recovery
• Support for joint, skin, and organ health

Glutathione influences melanin production by shifting melanocyte activity toward lighter pheomelanin production and away from darker eumelanin production.

• Protects collagen from oxidative damage
• Reduces UV-induced cellular stress
• Supports healthy skin repair

• Brighter complexion
• More even skin tone
• Reduced appearance of photoaging
• Enhanced skin radiance

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring regenerative peptide that acts as the body's repair messenger. It signals damaged tissues to heal, stimulates collagen and elastin production, supports stem cell activity, reduces inflammation, and protects against oxidative stress. The result is healthier skin, stronger connective tissue, improved hair growth, and enhanced recovery throughout the body.

Unlike peptides that target a single pathway, GHK-Cu influences multiple systems simultaneously—collagen production, wound healing, inflammation control, antioxidant defense, stem cell recruitment, and tissue remodeling—making it one of the most broadly regenerative peptides currently studied.

✓ Increases collagen production
✓ Improves elasticity and firmness
✓ Reduces wrinkles and fine lines
✓ Enhances skin texture and radiance

✓ Accelerates wound healing
✓ Supports tissue repair and remodeling
✓ Enhances recovery after procedures or injury

✓ Improves follicle health
✓ Increases hair density
✓ Reduces shedding
✓ Supports scalp health

✓ Supports tendons and ligaments
✓ Enhances extracellular matrix production
✓ Promotes healthy tissue regeneration

✓ Reduces inflammation
✓ Provides antioxidant protection
✓ Supports stem-cell-mediated repair
✓ Promotes healthy gene expression patterns

How does it work?

GHK-Cu acts as a signaling molecule that alerts the body to injury and stimulates regenerative processes and recruits repair cells to damaged tissue

• Accelerate wound healing
• Support tissue remodeling
• Enhance recovery following injury

✓ Faster healing
✓ Improved tissue repair
✓ Enhanced recovery from injury and procedures

GHK-Cu increases the production of several structural proteins essential for youthful skin and healthy connective tissue and it stimulates:

• Collagen I
• Collagen III
• Elastin
• Glycosaminoglycans (including hyaluronic acid)

✓ Firmer skin
✓ Improved elasticity
✓ Reduced appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
✓ Stronger connective tissue

One of GHK-Cu's most unique properties is its ability to regulate gene expression.

Research suggests GHK-Cu:

• Upregulates genes involved in repair and regeneration
• Downregulates genes associated with excessive inflammation and tissue breakdown
• Supports a more youthful cellular environment

✓ Enhanced regenerative capacity
✓ Improved tissue maintenance
✓ Support for healthy aging

Studies suggest GHK-Cu may stimulate the activity and migration of stem cells involved in tissue repair.

It may help:

• Attract stem cells to injured tissue
• Promote cellular renewal
• Support regeneration of damaged structures

✓ Improved healing potential
✓ Enhanced tissue rejuvenation
✓ Support for recovery from injury

GHK-Cu helps regulate inflammatory signaling pathways and may reduce excessive inflammatory responses.

It has been shown to:

• Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines
• Support balanced immune activity
• Protect tissues from chronic inflammatory damage

✓ Reduced inflammation
✓ Improved healing environment
✓ Better recovery from stress and injury

Copper is an essential cofactor for antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD).

GHK-Cu helps:

• Neutralize free radicals
• Reduce oxidative stress
• Protect cellular structures

✓ Reduced oxidative damage
✓ Healthier aging processes
✓ Improved cellular resilience

GHK-Cu is one of the most researched peptides for hair restoration.

It may:

• Increase blood supply to hair follicles
• Extend the anagen (growth) phase
• Reduce follicular inflammation
• Support follicle regeneration

✓ Thicker hair
✓ Reduced shedding
✓ Improved hair density
✓ Healthier scalp environment

GHK-Cu supports multiple pathways involved in skin renewal.

It promotes:

• Fibroblast activation
• Collagen synthesis
• Elastin production
• Improved skin remodeling

✓ Smoother texture
✓ Improved skin firmness
✓ Better hydration retention
✓ Enhanced overall skin quality

• Nerve regeneration
• Neuroprotection
• Reduction of neuroinflammation

✓ Potential support for nervous system recovery
✓ Enhanced tissue regeneration beyond skin and connective tissue

A specialized fragment of growth hormone that targets fat metabolism without the growth-promoting effects of full growth hormone. It helps the body break down stored fat, reduce new fat accumulation, and may support joint health by stimulating cartilage-producing cells, promoting new cartilage formation, and enhancing type II collagen production.

✓ Stimulates fat breakdown (lipolysis)
✓ Reduces new fat formation (lipogenesis)
✓ Supports leaner body composition

✓ Encourages fat utilization for energy
✓ Does not significantly raise IGF-1
✓ Minimal impact on blood sugar compared with growth hormone

✓ Supports chondrocyte activity
✓ Promotes chondrogenesis (cartilage formation)
✓ Enhances type II collagen production
✓ Supports cartilage repair and maintenance
✓ May improve joint comfort and mobility

How does it work?

AOD-9604 is a modified peptide fragment consisting of amino acids 176–191 from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH).

Unlike full growth hormone, AOD-9604 has little to no effect on:

• IGF-1 production
• Blood glucose levels
• Growth hormone receptor activation
• General tissue growth

Instead, it primarily targets fat metabolism and may support cartilage health.

AOD-9604 activates pathways involved in the release of stored triglycerides from fat cells. Mechanisms include:

• Increased hormone-sensitive lipase activity
• Enhanced breakdown of stored fat
• Increased mobilization of fatty acids for energy

✓ Accelerated fat loss
✓ Reduction in stubborn adipose tissue
✓ Improved body composition

AOD-9604 appears to suppress the formation and storage of new fat.

✓ Less fat accumulation
✓ Better maintenance of weight loss
✓ Improved metabolic efficiency

Research suggests AOD-9604 may increase fat oxidation without significantly affecting blood sugar or insulin sensitivity.

✓ Increased use of fat as fuel
✓ Support for weight-management programs
✓ Potential enhancement of exercise results

One of the lesser-known areas of AOD-9604 research involves cartilage regeneration.

Chondrocytes are the specialized cells responsible for producing cartilage.

Studies suggest AOD-9604 may:

• Increase chondrocyte proliferation
• Enhance cartilage matrix production
• Support cartilage maintenance

✓ Improved cartilage health
✓ Support for joint function
✓ Potential reduction in cartilage degeneration

Chondrogenesis is the process by which new cartilage is formed. Research has demonstrated that AOD-9604 may stimulate:

• Proteoglycan synthesis
• Extracellular matrix production
• Type II collagen formation

Type II collagen is the primary structural collagen found in healthy articular cartilage.

✓ Support for cartilage regeneration
✓ Enhanced joint resilience
✓ Potential benefit in osteoarthritis models

AOD-9604 has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in some preclinical studies.

• Reduce inflammatory mediators
• Protect cartilage from degradation
• Improve joint comfort

✓ Reduced joint inflammation
✓ Improved mobility
✓ Better recovery from joint stress